Rev John
Livingston
The
stories of the Covenanters and the bloody Killing Time
understandably focus on the western shires of Scotland but it
must be remembered that there were Covenanters in other less
glamorous parts. Such was John Livingston of Ancrum in the
Border country with England. Here too the persecutors caused the
removal of a gentle man from his ministry in October 1662.
John
Livingston was born in Kilsyth in 1603, the son of William and
Agnes Livingstone, minister at Kilsyth and later in Lanark. One of
seven children the young John was raised in an environment of
piety and meekness on his mother`s side and his father a zealous
worker for the Reformation. As a schoolboy in Sterling he was a
member of the church, although his early inclination was to be
a doctor.. His parents were kind and generous and enjoyed giving
hospitality to Christians visiting the area, so he was able to
meet many notable men and women of the time. His mother, however,
died when he was fourteen, and she only thirty two. He continued
his education at Glasgow College ( as the University was called )
graduating in 1621 and in 1625 turned to the ministry – where he
soon encountered persecution. For a while he stayed with his
father and making visits to preach when he was asked. In April
1626 Lord Kenmuir in Galloway sought him to take the parish of
Anwoth, but he did not do so nor was he successful in a call to
Torpichen the following year. He then accepted invitations to
preach in Lanark, Irvine, and Newmilns
1630 seems
to have been a year of change and the turning point for John
Livingstone. In June 1630 he was asked to step in at short
notice for a preacher at Kirk o Shotts which he reluctantly did.
On 30 June the virtually unknown young man stood on a gravestone
and began his preaching. As he approached its end the Heavens
opened and there was a downpour which threatened to break up
the meeting. But such was Livingston`s powerful presence that
the assembled crowd stood a further hour as he used the
conditions to demonstrate the despair and horror of fire and
brimstone in God`s judgment upon them. It is said that over five
hundred people felt a change in their attitudes as a result of
the Kirk O`Shotts revival.
A youthful
and able speaker, although diffident about his abilities, he was
sought by several congregations to be their minister but in the
five years to 1630 he found none as on each occasion his way
was blocked by the Bishops. His first parish was an Irish one,
at Killinchy, County Down This came about through a meeting in
Irvine, Ayrshire with the Rev Robert Cunningham of Holywood, near
Belfast and earlier with the Rev George Dunbar of Larne ( formerly
of Ayr and a prisoner at Blackness for a while ). Both had
enquired if he would be interested in going to Ireland and he
had indicated on both occasions he would go if he received a
clear call and free entry.
About
August 1630 he received an invitation from Viscount Claneboy to
go to Killinchy in Ulster to join
the growing band of Presbyterian ministers there. At Killinchy he was well received by the congregation
and had to be ordained. To achieve this he went with letters to
the Rev Andrew Knox, Bishop of Raphoe who well knew what was
required and after discussion gave Livingston a book of ordination
with instruction to mark that to which he objected. The price
sought for ordination was that he should preach at Ramallen where
they got but few sermons. He found that the book had already
been marked and did not have to do it himself, thus with his
conscience clear, he submitted to the Rev Robert Cunninham and some
other ministers to ` imposition of the hands ` and ordination for
the ministry at Killinchy.
Persecution,
however, soon came upon him through the vindictiveness of the
Irish Bishops. With Robert Blair he was suspended by the Bishop
of Down for nonconformity. They were eventually allowed to
return to their ministry in 1632 following intervention with the
King by Lord Castlestuart. In November 1635 he again fell foul
of the Bishops and was again suspended then excommunicated.
With this
ongoing persecution of the Presbyterians and no early solution
in sight John Livingston was instrumental in negotiations with
landowners – the Clotworthy family especially, and John Winthrop,
son of the Governor of Massachusetts concerning a plan to
emigrate. From the plan came the building of the ship the
“ Eaglewing “ and the attempt by some 140 brave souls to seek
their promised land in 1636. Unfortunately for them they were
forced to return by bad weather and John Livingston was
returned to the Covenanting fold but not before baptising a child
born on the return trip to Michael Coltheard and his wife, naming
him Seaborn. – reminiscent of the child Oceanus Hopkins born on
board the Mayflower. in that epic voyage in 1620.
For some
time Livingston continued to discharge his duties privately,
residing at the home of his mother in law, Mrs Stevenson who
owned the iron furnace at Malone, twelve miles from Kilinchy
where he continued to preach almost every Sabbath. However, a
warrant was issued for his arrest and he retired to Irvine on
the Ayrshire coast., from where he went to Edinburgh. In March
1638 he went to London but the King had apparently heard he
was there and he again had to retreat and return to Scotland
by a circuitous route to avoid any pursuers. On 5 July 1638
he was admitted as the minister at Stranraer . While here its
is recorded, that large numbers of people came from Ireland to
take Communion from him, on one occasion there was present in
excess of 500 people from Co Down.
He had
his home at Stranraer for ten years before he was sent at the
order of the General Assembly to spend fourteen years at Ancrum
in Teviotdale. He found the work at Ancrum hard going having to
contend with an ignorant and loose living peoples and it was some
time before there were sufficient to take Communion. During this
time Livingston became a regular representative of the Church
and was among those sent to treat with King Charles at Breda
in Holland in 1650 for the security and liberty of religion. It
was not a task he enjoyed as his was a method of `
moderation and sweet reasonableness ` often considering that his
colleaques at times meddled too much in government, or kept too
many meetings that rendered wider the Church`s divisions.
Livingston, who distrusted the King anyway, had his fears
confirmed with observation of the King still using the Service
Book and leading a dissolute life.
Somewhat
diffident of his own abilities, Livingstone was nevertheless a
very able scholar with a passion for books. He knew Hebrew and
Chaldee with some Syrian; he was familiar with French, Italian,
Dutch and read the Bible in Spanish and German, although he
was forestalled for a while in his desire to learn Arabic by
its sheer complexity. What such a
linguist might be able to
charge for his services in the modern world one can only
guess Livingston had other hidden talents. As a young man he
had a melodious voice and enjoyed singing and was often
summoned by the Principal John Boyd when a student at Glasgow to
sing ` setts of musick `. In later years he did not sing much,
neither did he partake often of another pleasure – that of
hunting.
Although
appointed to attend on Cromwell in London during 1654 , and
latterly on the army, he did so reluctantly and was glad to
return to Ancrum and his parishioners. When King Charles II was
restored to the throne in 1660 he foresaw that trouble lay ahead
and in 1662 it duly happened. A proclamation was issued ordering
all ministers from 1649 who had not celebrated the holiday of
29 May ( to
celebrate the King`s birthday and Restoration ) to acknowledge the
prelates or be removed from their posts. He left Ancrum and
lingered for a while in Edinburgh where he learnt that a
summons to appear before the Council would probably result in
banishment ( rather than execution ) and he appeared before them on
1 st December 1662. He declined to take oaths and was sentenced
to remove immediately to the north side of the Tay and to
leave the Kingdom entirely within two months. On 9 April 1663 he
set sail for Rotterdam.
In the
years of his banishment he remained very active and on many
occasions preached to the Scottish congregation in Rotterdam. He
was joined by his wife and two children in the December
leaving five children behind. He was asked three times by the
General Assembly to write the history of the Church of
Scotland since the Reformation of 1638 but declined to do so
Instead he set himself the task of revising the Latin version of
the Old Testament, comparing it throughout with the Hebrew
version. He intended to publish it with parallel columns in the
two texts but circumstances prevented it although as a scholar
he had pleasure in the task.
He was
probably seen at his best in two places; firstly in Killinchy
where incredibly
his stipend was a mere £4 a year yet there
was always a happy welcome for all. . He had married in 1635
Janet the eldest daughter of Bartholomew Fleming, an Edinburgh
merchant . She was a great support to him through the lean years
and the later troubles. Indeed, after he was gone, she was the
leader of a group of women who in 1674 made representations to
the Earl of Rothes for fair treatment
of ministers which resulted in her
banishment from Edinburgh for a while.
The other
place where Livingston was at his best was in the pulpit.
Diffident as ever about his abilities his practice was to make
short notes beforehand and to enlarge upon them when the time
came. He sought balance in his sermons and at times indulged
in a ` childish rudimentary ` as he described it , aware not to
be too clever nor to omit the telling saying or word picture
that summed up his point. Throughout his sermons he was said to
have
`
the eloquence of the spirit and a throbbing affection for the
Heavenly Lord and the souls of men.`
From about
1664 he suffered continuously with a bladder problem , he could
not walk far and had shaking hands that made writing difficult.
It was perhaps a blessed release when and on 9 August 1672 he
died in exile leaving us his solemn declaration:
“
I die in the Faith that the truths of God, which he hath
helped the Church of Scotland to own, shall be owned by him as
truths, so long as the sun and moon endure “.
|